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统计分析与质量控制
统计分析与质量控制
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--- name: statistics description: # Statistical Analysis & Quality Control --- # Statistical Analysis & Quality Control ## Overview Comprehensive statistical methodology for scientific research. Covers test selection, assumption verification, power analysis, effect size reporting, and reporting standards. ## Test Selection Guide | Data Type | Groups | Paired? | Normal? | Recommended Test | |-----------|--------|---------|---------|-----------------| | Continuous | 2 | No | Yes | Independent t-test | | Continuous | 2 | No | No | Mann-Whitney U | | Continuous | 2 | Yes | Yes | Paired t-test | | Continuous | 2 | Yes | No | Wilcoxon signed-rank | | Continuous | 3+ | No | Yes | One-way ANOVA + post hoc | | Continuous | 3+ | No | No | Kruskal-Wallis + Dunn | | Continuous | 3+ | Yes | Yes | Repeated measures ANOVA | | Categorical | 2x2 | — | — | Chi-square / Fisher's exact | | Time-to-event | 2+ | — | — | Log-rank + KM curves | | Time-to-event | Adjusted | — | — | Cox proportional hazards | | Continuous | Prediction | — | — | Linear/logistic regression | ## Assumption Checks - **Normality**: Shapiro-Wilk (n < 50), Kolmogorov-Smirnov (n > 50), Q-Q plot visual - **Homoscedasticity**: Levene's test, Bartlett's test - **Independence**: study design review (not a statistical test) - **Proportional hazards**: Schoenfeld residuals, log-log plot ## Multiple Comparison Correction - **Bonferroni**: conservative, for few comparisons - **Holm-Bonferroni**: step-down, less conservative than Bonferroni - **FDR (Benjamini-Hochberg)**: for many comparisons (e.g., genomics) - **Tukey HSD**: for all pairwise comparisons after ANOVA ## Effect Size Guidelines | Measure | Small | Medium | Large | |---------|-------|--------|-------| | Cohen's d | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | | Pearson r | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 | | Odds Ratio | 1.5 | 2.5 | 4.3 | | R-squared | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.26 | ## Reporting Standards - Always report: test statistic, degrees of freedom, exact p-value, effect size, 95% CI - Follow STROBE (observational), CONSORT (RCTs), PRISMA (reviews), ARRIVE (animal) - Never say "trend toward significance" for p > 0.05 - Report non-significant results honestly
SKILL.md
元数据
| name | statistics |
|---|---|
| description | # 统计分析与质量控制 |
统计分析与质量控制
概述
科学研究的综合统计方法。涵盖检验选择、假设验证、功效分析、效应量报告和报告标准。
检验选择指南
| 数据类型 | 组数 | 是否配对? | 是否正态? | 推荐检验 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 连续 | 2 | 否 | 是 | 独立样本 t 检验 |
| 连续 | 2 | 否 | 否 | Mann-Whitney U 检验 |
| 连续 | 2 | 是 | 是 | 配对 t 检验 |
| 连续 | 2 | 是 | 否 | Wilcoxon 符号秩检验 |
| 连续 | 3+ | 否 | 是 | 单因素方差分析 + 事后检验 |
| 连续 | 3+ | 否 | 否 | Kruskal-Wallis 检验 + Dunn 事后检验 |
| 连续 | 3+ | 是 | 是 | 重复测量方差分析 |
| 分类 | 2x2 | — | — | 卡方检验 / Fisher 精确检验 |
| 时间-事件 | 2+ | — | — | 对数秩检验 + Kaplan-Meier 曲线 |
| 时间-事件 | 调整 | — | — | Cox 比例风险回归 |
| 连续 | 预测 | — | — | 线性/逻辑回归 |
假设检验
- 正态性:Shapiro-Wilk 检验(n < 50),Kolmogorov-Smirnov 检验(n > 50),Q-Q 图可视化
- 方差齐性:Levene 检验,Bartlett 检验
- 独立性:研究设计审查(非统计检验)
- 比例风险假设:Schoenfeld 残差,log-log 图
多重比较校正
- Bonferroni:保守,适用于少量比较
- Holm-Bonferroni:逐步降低,比 Bonferroni 保守性低
- FDR (Benjamini-Hochberg):适用于大量比较(如基因组学)
- Tukey HSD:用于方差分析后的所有配对比较
效应量指南
| 测量指标 | 小 | 中 | 大 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cohen's d | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.8 |
| Pearson r | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5 |
| 比值比 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 4.3 |
| R-squared | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.26 |
报告标准
- 始终报告:检验统计量、自由度、精确 p 值、效应量、95% 置信区间
- 遵循 STROBE(观察性研究)、CONSORT(随机对照试验)、PRISMA(系统综述)、ARRIVE(动物实验)指南
- 切勿对 p > 0.05 使用“趋向显著”的说法
- 如实报告不显著的结果